In landscape design, what does the term "hardscape" refer to?

The term "hardscape" in landscape design refers specifically to the non-plant elements of a landscape, which include features such as walls, patios, walkways, decks, fountains, and other structures made from hard materials. These elements provide structure and functionality to the outdoor space, complementing the softscape, which consists of plants and greenery. Hardscaping is essential for creating usable spaces and enhancing the aesthetic appeal of a landscape.

While options discussing soft, plant-based features, rocks and stones, or irrigation components provide interesting elements of landscape design, they do not encompass the full scope of what hardscape includes. Hardscape elements are vital in landscaping, offering durability and serving as a contrast to the softer, more transient plant materials, thus creating a balanced outdoor environment.